Accordingly, various protocols have been investigated to enhance the adhesive ability of PEEK.
Previous studies have indicated that it is difficult to achieve firm adhesion with PEEK due to its hydrophobic nature and low surface energy. However, for temporary abutment applications, another aspect that must not be neglected is the material’s adhesive property because even a small detachment between the temporary abutment and crown may lead to prosthetic failure, which is not acceptable for both patients and dentists. Īlthough there might be plenty of material choices for FFF, such as polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), etc., polyetheretherketone (PEEK) seems to be a better choice for biomedical use due to its outstanding chemical resistance, excellent mechanical strength, and superb biocompatibility.
By melting and extruding, FFF printers can deposit thermoplastic materials onto a build platform, constructing objects layer by layer. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most popular 3D printing technologies that show prospects in abutment fabrication due to its advantages in rapid manufacturing and low costs. According to the operation plan, custom temporary abutments could be designed and fabricated in advance and placed right after surgery. With the rapid development of digital technologies in dentistry, computer-aided design (CAD) and additive manufacturing (AM, also known as 3D printing) may provide dentistry with customized solutions. Dentists and dental technicians have to spend extra time adjusting the temporary abutments, which significantly decreases medical efficiency. Although premade temporary abutments might be provided in different dimensions by manufacturers, these abutments can hardly fulfill the various prosthodontic requirements in a tooth defect area. Nowadays, immediate and early restoration after implant surgery using temporary abutment and prosthesis is encouraged for its positive effect in guiding soft tissue healing and maintaining aesthetic function. Implant abutments are sophisticated parts used for connecting the prosthesis and the implant. For clinical application, the ATR material and subtractive surface treatments are recommended for 3D-printed PEEK abutments. The results showed that ATR exhibited a significantly higher shear bond strength compared to FR and CTN ( p < 0.01), and the PEEK surfaces treated by sandblasting and abrasive paper grinding showed a statistically higher shear bond strength compared to the control ( p < 0.05). After preparing the bonding specimens with three temporary crown materials (Artificial teeth resin (ATR), 3M™ Filtek™ Supreme Flowable Restorative (FR), and Cool Temp NATURAL (CTN)), the shear bond strength was measured ( n = 6), and the failure modes were analyzed by microscopy and SEM. Afterward, the surface topographies of each group were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, n = 1) and roughness measurements ( n = 7). Surface treatments, including sandblasting, abrasive paper grinding, and CO 2 laser ablation, were applied to the PEEK discs, with the untreated specimens set as the control. A total of 108 PEEK discs were 3D printed by fused-filament fabrication. The effects of surface treatment and temporary crown materials on shear bond strength were evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the adhesive property of a 3D-printed PEEK material. Three-dimensionally printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials are promising for fabricating customized dental abutments.
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